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() in Malayalam script ( Malayāḷalipi; IPA: ( ) /: മലയാളലിപി) is a used commonly to write the language, which is the principal language of,, spoken by 35 million people in the world. Malayalam script is also widely used for writing Sanskrit texts in Kerala. Like many other Indic scripts, it is an alphasyllabary (), a writing system that is partially “alphabetic” and partially syllable-based. The modern Malayalam alphabet has 15 vowel letters, 36 consonant letters, and a few other symbols. The Malayalam script is a extended with symbols from the to represent. The script is also used to write several minority languages such as,,.
The Malayalam language itself was historically written in several different scripts. Vowels [ ] Vowel letters and vowel signs [ ] The following tables show the independent vowel letters and the corresponding dependent vowel signs (diacritics) of the Malayalam script, with romanizations in, transcriptions in the (IPA). Excel vba userform examples free download. Long Independent Dependent Indep. Dependent Vowel sign Example Vowel sign Example a അ a /a/ (none) പ pa /pa/ ആ ā /aː/ ാ പാ pā /paː/ i ഇ i /i/ ി പി pi /pi/ ഈ ī /iː/ ീ പീ pī /piː/ u ഉ u /u/ ു പു pu /pu/ ഊ ū /uː/ ൂ പൂ pū /puː/ r̥ ഋ r̥ /rɨ/ ൃ പൃ pr̥ /prɨ/ ൠ r̥̄ /rɨː/ ൄ പൄ pr̥̄ /prɨː/ l̥ ഌ l̥ /lɨ/ ൢ പൢ pl̥ /plɨ/ ൡ l̥̄ /lɨː/ ൣ പൣ pl̥̄ /plɨː/ e എ e /e/ െ പെ pe /pe/ ഏ ē /eː/ േ പേ pē /peː/ o ഒ o /o/ ൊ പൊ po /po/ ഓ ō /oː/ ോ പോ pō /poː/.
A Malayalam sign. Notice the word-initial a അ in akkādami, and the vowel sign ē േ in Kēraḷa. R̥, r̥̄, l̥, l̥̄, used to write words, are treated as vowels. They are called semi-vowels and are phonetically closer to vowels in Malayalam and in Classical Sanskrit where pANinI, the Sanskrit grammarian, groups them with vowel sounds in his sUtras. The letters and signs for r̥̄, l̥, l̥̄ are very rare, and are not considered as part of the modern orthography. The vowel signs ā, i, ī are placed to the right of a consonant letter to which it is attached.
The vowel signs e, ē, ai are placed to the left of a consonant letter. The vowel signs o and ō consist of two parts: the first part goes to the left of a consonant letter and the second part goes to the right of it. In the reformed orthography, the vowel signs u, ū, r̥ are simply placed to the right of the consonant letter, while they often make consonant-vowel ligatures in the traditional orthography. Independent Dependent Vowel sign Example ai ഐ ai /ai̯/ ൈ പൈ pai /pai̯/ au ഔ au /au̯/ ൌ (archaic) പൌ pau /pau̯/ ൗ (modern) പൗ pau /pau̯/ It is important to note the vowel duration as it can be used to differentiate words that would otherwise be the same. For example, /kalam/ means 'earthenware pot' while /kaːlam/ means 'time' or 'season'. Anusvaram [ ] Anusvaram aṁ അം aṁ /am/ ം ṁ /m/ പം paṁ /pam/ An anusvaram ( അനുസ്വാരം anusvāram), or an, originally denoted the where the preceding vowel was changed into a, and hence is traditionally treated as a kind of vowel sign. In Malayalam, however, it simply represents a consonant /m/ after a vowel, though this /m/ may be to another.
It is a special consonant letter, different from a 'normal' consonant letter, in that it is never followed by an inherent vowel or another vowel. In general, an anusvara at the end of a word in an Indian language is transliterated as ṁ in, but a Malayalam anusvara at the end of a word is transliterated as m without a dot. Visargam [ ] Visargam aḥ അഃ aḥ /ah/ ഃ ḥ /h/ പഃ paḥ /pah/ A visargam ( വിസർഗം, visargam), or, represents a consonant /h/ after a vowel, and is transliterated as ḥ. Like the anusvara, it is a special symbol, and is never followed by an inherent vowel or another vowel. Main article: The Unicode block for Malayalam is U+0D00–U+0D7F: (PDF) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F U+0D0x ഀ ഁ ം ഃ അ ആ ഇ ഈ ഉ ഊ ഋ ഌ എ ഏ U+0D1x ഐ ഒ ഓ ഔ ക ഖ ഗ ഘ ങ ച ഛ ജ ഝ ഞ ട U+0D2x ഠ ഡ ഢ ണ ത ഥ ദ ധ ന ഩ പ ഫ ബ ഭ മ യ U+0D3x ര റ ല ള ഴ വ ശ ഷ സ ഹ ഺ ഻ ഼ ഽ ാ ി U+0D4x ീ ു ൂ ൃ ൄ െ േ ൈ ൊ ോ ൌ ് ൎ ൏ U+0D5x ൔ ൕ ൖ ൗ ൘ ൙ ൚ ൛ ൜ ൝ ൞ ൟ U+0D6x ൠ ൡ ൢ ൣ ൦ ൧ ൨ ൩ ൪ ൫ ൬ ൭ ൮ ൯ U+0D7x ൰ ൱ ൲ ൳ ൴ ൵ ൶ ൷ ൸ ൹ ൺ ൻ ർ ൽ ൾ ൿ Notes 1.
As of Unicode version 12.0 2. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points Chillus in Unicode [ ] For example, avan അവൻ (“he”) is written as a അ + va വ + chillu-n ൻ, where chillu-n represents the n sound without a vowel. In other Indic scripts, the same word would be possibly written as a + va + na + virama. However, in Malayalam script, that sequence represents a different word, avanŭ അവന് (“to him”), and is not interchangeable with avan. This is because in modern Malayalam script, the sign for a virama also works as the sign for a at the end of a word, and is not able to cleanly “kill” the inherent vowel in this case. To differentiate a pure consonant ( chillu) and a consonant with ŭ, (ZWJ) and (ZWNJ) were used before Unicode 5.1. However, this system was problematic.