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• • • One Thousand and One Nights (: أَلْف لَيْلَة وَلَيْلَة, ʾAlf layla wa-layla) is a collection of folk tales compiled in Arabic during the. It is often known in English as the Arabian Nights, from the first English-language edition (c. 1721), which rendered the title as The Arabian Nights' Entertainment. The work was collected over many centuries by various authors, translators, and scholars across West, Central, and South Asia and North Africa. Some tales themselves trace their roots back to ancient and medieval,,,, and folklore and literature. In particular, many tales were originally folk stories from the and, while others, especially the frame story, are most probably drawn from the Hezār Afsān (: هزار افسان, lit.
A Thousand Tales), which in turn relied partly on Indian elements. What is common throughout all the editions of the Nights is the initial of the ruler and his wife and the incorporated throughout the tales themselves. The stories proceed from this original tale; some are framed within other tales, while others begin and end of their own accord.
Some editions contain only a few hundred nights, while others include 1,001 or more. The bulk of the text is in prose, although verse is occasionally used for songs and riddles and to express heightened emotion. Most of the poems are single or, although some are longer.
Some of the stories commonly associated with The Nights, in particular ', ', and ', were not part of The Nights in its original Arabic versions but were added to the collection by and other European translators. Scheherazade and Shahryār by, 1880 The main concerns Shahryār (: شهريار, from šahr-dār, lit. Kirgizcha lirika kizga.
'holder of realm' ), whom the narrator calls a ' king' ruling in 'India and China'. Shahryār is shocked to learn that his brother's wife is unfaithful; discovering that his own wife's infidelity has been even more flagrant, he has her killed. In his bitterness and grief, he decides that all women are the same. Shahryār begins to marry a succession of virgins only to execute each one the next morning, before she has a chance to dishonor him. Eventually the, whose duty it is to provide them, cannot find any more virgins. (: شهْرزاد Shahrazād, from Middle Persian čehr شهر, 'lineage' + āzād ازاد, 'noble' ), the vizier's daughter, offers herself as the next bride and her father reluctantly agrees.
On the night of their marriage, Scheherazade begins to tell the king a tale, but does not end it. The king, curious about how the story ends, is thus forced to postpone her execution in order to hear the conclusion. The next night, as soon as she finishes the tale, she begins another one, and the king, eager to hear the conclusion of that tale as well, postpones her execution once again.
This goes on for one thousand and one nights, hence the name. The tales vary widely: they include historical tales, love stories, tragedies, comedies, poems,, and various forms of. Numerous stories depict,,,,, and legendary places, which are often intermingled with real people and geography, not always rationally. Common include the historical, his,, and the famous poet, despite the fact that these figures lived some 200 years after the fall of the, in which the frame tale of Scheherazade is set. Il-2 demo. Sometimes a character in Scheherazade's tale will begin telling other characters a story of his own, and that story may have another one told within it, resulting in a richly layered narrative texture. An Abbasid of the One Thousand and One Nights The different versions have different individually detailed endings (in some Scheherazade asks for a pardon, in some the king sees their children and decides not to execute his wife, in some other things happen that make the king distracted) but they all end with the king giving his wife a pardon and sparing her life. The narrator's standards for what constitutes a seem broader than in modern literature.
While in many cases a story is cut off with the hero in danger of losing his life or another kind of deep trouble, in some parts of the full text Scheherazade stops her narration in the middle of an exposition of abstract philosophical principles or complex points of, and in one case during a detailed description of according to —and in all these cases turns out to be justified in her belief that the king's curiosity about the sequel would buy her another day of life. History: versions and translations [ ] The history of the Nights is extremely complex and modern scholars have made many attempts to untangle the story of how the collection as it currently exists came about. Summarises their findings: In the 1880s and 1890s a lot of work was done on the Nights by and others, in the course of which a consensus view of the history of the text emerged. Most scholars agreed that the Nights was a composite work and that the earliest tales in it came from. At some time, probably in the early 8th century, these tales were translated into Arabic under the title Alf Layla, or 'The Thousand Nights'. This collection then formed the basis of The Thousand and One Nights.